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(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 1.v I'. D. GUMMYBR. DRYING APPARATUS.

Patented Aug. 27, 1895.

@o Mndel.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 2. F. D. CUMMBR. DRYING APIARATUS.

Patented Aug. 27,1895.

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 3. P. D. SUMMER. DRYING APPARATUS.

No. 545,120. Patented Aug. 27,1895.

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(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 4.

F. D. SUMMER. DRYING APPARATUS.

No. 545,120. Patented Aug. 27, 1895.

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Patented Aug. 27, 1895.

(No Model.) 6 Sheets-Sheet 6.

F. D. SUMMER. DRYING APPARATUS.

' No. 545,120. Patented Aug. 27,1895.

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"rares nnte FRANKLIN DAVID OUMMER, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO, ASSIGNOR TO ELIZAF.. CUMM'ER, OF SAME PLACE.

DRYING APPARATUS.

PECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent' No. 545,120, dated August27, 1895.

Application tiled March 5, 1895. Serial No. 540,532. (No model.)

To @ZZ whom, it may concern.-

Be it known that I, FRANKLIN DAVID CUM- MER, a citizen of the UnitedStates, residing at Cleveland, in the county of Cuyahoga and State ot`Ohio, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in DryingApparatus; and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear,and exact description of the invention, which will enable others skilledin the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.

My invention has reference to drying apparatus in which heated air,coming directly into contact with the material, is chielly relied on asthe active drying agent, and the invention is an improvement in thestyle of drier disclosed in my application for Letters Patent, SerialNo. 506,856.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a longitudinal sectionalelevation of my improved drier, showing the power driving mechanism atthe rear instead of at the front of the apparatus, as in Fig. 6, andhavingthe dual bearings at the rear instead of at the front, anddiffering in other particulars, as will appear in the descriptionfurther along. Fig. 2, Sheet 2, is an enlarged sectional elevation ofthe ends of the drier-cylinder and the trunnions or spindles thereforwith bearings and driving mechanism, as shown in Fig. G. Fig. 21e is anenlarged detail of the outer end of one of the rear spider-arms and therim integral therewith. Fig. 3 is a part plain elevation and partlongitudinal sectional elevation of the drying-cylinder alone, brokenout at the middle, and showing the arrangement of the ventiiating-hoodsin the right-hand section and openings for hoods in the left-handsection. Fig. 4 is an enlarged cross-section of the cylinder on a linecorresponding to 3 3, Fig. 8, looking to the right and showing thedisposition of the hoods as appears from that point. Fig. 5 is aperspective view of one ot the hoods alone and considerably enlargedover Fig. 3, so as to clearly disclose its construction. Fig. 6 isavertical central sectional elevation of a drier in which the power isapplied at the front of the ma chine. Fig. 7 is a front elevation of thedrier constructed according to the form in Fig. l.

Fig. 8 is a cross-section on a line corresponding to a a, Fig. l. Fig. 9is averticall central sectional elevation longitudinally of a modifiedform of drier, in which the dryingcylinder is exposed to the outside airfor some distance at its front, as hereinafter fully described.V Fig. 9is an enlarged section of a portion of the cylinder exposed to theoutside air, as in Fig. 9. Fig. lO is an enlarged sectional elevationot' one end of the drying-cylinder and a modification of the spindle andspider at the rear, shown in Fig. 2. Fig. l1 is an elevation vat rightangles to Fig. l0, looking from line in :o inward and applicable as wellio a corresponding view of Fig. 2. Fig. 12 is a View of a section of therim ofthe spider, shown alike in Figs. 2 and l0, and disclosing a smallsection of the cylinder, looking on the edge of Figs. 2 or ll. Fig. 13is a longitudinal sectional elevation, and Fig. 14 is a cross-section ofa modification of a furnace extension, as hereinafter fully described.

In Fig. 1 I have shown a longitudinal sectional elevation of a completeapparatus constructed according to one style covered by thisapplication, and showing some features common to all the styles andmodifications and variations thereof. Thus, I have the revolvingdrying-cylinder A, inclosed about its side and top by wall B and at itsrear by wall O, and the plates or their equivalent D, im mediately atthe rear of the cylinder and about the spindle thereof. The saidcylinderis supported at its ends by extended trunnions or spindles 2 and3, projecting from the spiders 4. and 5 at the respective ends ofthecylinder, and each working in a set of hearings 7 and 8 wholly outsidetheinclosures or walls ofthe drier. It will be noticed that thecylinderA is set slightly at an inclination downward from front to rear,as seen clearly in Fig. l, and the degree of inclination may be variedaccording to the nature of the material to he dried and the duration ofexposure and treatment it may require. This arrangement, however, is notnew in this application, and is not claimed herein.

In the pending application above referred to and in the invention priorto this improvement, no provision was made for admitting heated air orthe products of combustion from theV furnace E into cylinder A, exceptthrough the rear end of said cylinder, nor were there any means formodifying, tempering, or regulating the degree of heat along the bottomof said cylinder, except as the large area or space-beneath saidcylinder in said old construction afforded room vfor expansion of theheat, or the admission of cool air into said space gave a measure ofchange or relief.

to Experience has shown me that the apparatus really is incomplete instructure and imperfect and unsatisfactory in operation, as to many ofthe materials to be dried, Without means interposed between the directheat z5 from the furnace and the surface of the cylinder to limit/andregulate the flow ofheat to each and every part of the cylinder, andespecially tothe front part thereof, where the raw and cold andfrequently very wet and zo pasty and contrary material is first dealtwith, and where excessive heat would be liable to incrust or bake thematerial on the inner surface of the cylinder. These and otherconsiderations which may be obvious z5 have led to the changes andimprovements embodied in the present case to overcome thesedifficulties, and which very materially enhance the efficiency of theapparatus as to certain materials, and broaden its utility so v3e as toadapt it to many others, thereby enabling me to put materials throughthis drier which no one ever before saw going successfully through amechanical drier or dryingmachine of any kind. Specifically, therefore,the improvements referred to embrace an arch G, Figs. 1 and 8, whichextends from side to side of the inclosingwall of cylinder A, beneaththe same, relatively, about the depth shown, and runs from the arch ordome l() of 4o the furnace proper to near the rear end of said cylinder.The arch G is nu merously perforated withopenings l2, scattered from endto end and side to side thereof, and these openings are of a size whichwill permit a certain limited quantity of heat to pass through tothecylinder or heating-chamber 14 immediately over the arch. Now, havingreached the space or chamber 14, over arch G and beneath and about thedrying-cylinder, the heat envelopes 5o the said cylinder and naturallyseeks such outlets as may be available. This brings us to another noveland valuable feature of my improvement. It has been found highlydesirable, if not absolutely necessary, in the treatment of manymaterials to introduce heat more or less directly from the furnace intothe drying-cylinder between its ends, instead of taking all the productsof combustion or heated air through the rear end of the cylin- Co der,as formerly.

It may be stated for information and illustration that thedrying-cylinder generally is thirty feet in length or thereabout, andhence there is a travel of sixty feet from the furnacegrates through tothe rear of the cylinder and thence to the discharge end thereof. Ob-

viously there are varying conditions in degree and effect of the heatbetween the terminals of this travel, and in the old construction therewere no means for varying, controlling, or changing these conditions asdifferent materials, or the same material at different peints in itstreatment might require. I have, therefore, introduced the arch G andthe perforated air-inlet arch H beneath, as hereinafter described, andthe hooded inlets or openings into the cylinder, as plainly shown inseveral of the figures. These inlets consist in this instance, Figs. land 6, in a series of preferably spirally-arranged openings 15 atsuitable intervals in the cylinder between its ends and between thelifting-blades of the cylinder, and over these inlets on the inside ofthe cylinder are the substantially elbow-shaped hoods or guards L, Fig.5. These hoods are designed as coverings and heat-conductors for theopenings 15, so that the heat or heated air may have a free andunobstructed flow through them, notwithstanding the presence in thecylinder of a mass of tossed and travcling material, which, Without suchhoods or guards, would unavoidably sift out through the openings 15 andbe lost, hence, also, the peculiar shape of the hoods with the elbowturned preferably toward the front of the cylinder in the direction ofthe draft and the daring month and shieid 18. TWith this constructionthe material dropping onto the hoods at the bottom of `the cylinder isshed or thrown off, and as a further safeguard at the base of thisHaring shield, or mouth there is a tine-Wire webbing, gauze, or othersuitable openwork diaphragm 20, which prevents the longer material whichmay happen to come within shield 18 from passing through the hood intothe heating-chamber. Of course, the heavy draft orsuction through thehoods is directly opposed to any such tendency, but still the precautionof the diaphragm is deemed necessary. The hood L may be cast orotherwise formed, substantially as shown` and is bolted firmly to thecylinder over the openings l5. lIn this instance the flaring shield 18is shown as made in a separate piece, bolted to the hood, and thediaphragm 2O is secured between said parts. These details may, ofcourse, be varied without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Now as a further feature of my improvement and auxiliary to the archGandthe inlets through hoods L and to control temperatures here andthere according to the many varying needs of materials dried or thevolume of heat at command, I provide for the introduction of cool orfresh air7 usually beneath the arch G, into the direct draft 25 for theheat or products of combustion from the furnace. This passage-Way orflue 25 is formed by the side walls of the furnace and the perforatedarches G and H at top and bottom, respectively, and the said arch Hforms the covering for the series of fresh-air chambers a, b, c, CZ, ande, Fig. l, beneath said arch. Division-walls 27 separate these chambers,

TIO

and each chamber has its own air-inlet 28, controlled by a suitable gateor other device to regulate the volume of air admitted or to entirelycut,- off the air, if necessary. One or more such chambers with one ormore air-in lets each may be used, as needed. This enables meto throwmore or less fresh air into the products of combustion or volume of heatfrom the furnace all along the line of travel or at different pointstherein, as the needs of the work for the time being may demand, andgives me complete mastery over the heat whatever the immediate orprospective conditions orrequirements may be. I'can temper the heat atthe front, at the middle, or at the rear of the cylinder, and may have,say, 2,5000 at the furnace and not exceeding 150C or less entering thecylinder at the rear. The possibilities of variation are at least Withinthese widely-separated limits, and the products of combustion as theyapproach'and enter the rear of the cylinder may, indeed, be almostwhatever I choose to have them. This comes, of course, from theadmission of fresh air, as described, and the gradual drawing o of thehottest gases or greatest heat through arch G and the hooded openings l5in the cylinder and incidental conditions and results flowing vfrom orrelated to these larger actions. Obviously, also, the diffusion of heatand reduction of temperatures by expansion in larger areas here andthere after leaving the furnace has to be considered in Acalculating foreffects.

It should be understood that the foregoing description and operation arebased on the supposition that the usual fan, blower, or like device O ispresent in the exhaust fine or passage P at the front end of cylinder A,so that there is constantly present a strong suction or pull in the saidcylinder and in the hooded passages leading through said cylinder.Broadly, this arrangement of fan or blower is not newin this case and isdisclosed in the application referred to at the beginning of thisdiscription; but it is necessarily present also as a factor in thisinvention.

The cylinder A for most materials has lifting-blades 30 longitudinallyon its inside for lifting and tossing the material, as in saidaforementioned application, and sundry other details or features ofconstruction not necessarily developed at length herein. The driedmaterial is discharged at the rear e'nd of the cylinder A into a trough3l, having a worm or the like to convey the material cutthrough one ofthe side walls.- This, too, is in the other application.

Two leading modifications of the apparatus are shown. The first isdisclosed in Fig. 6, and comprises the power mechanism, which in thisfigure is located at the front of cylinder A instead of the rear, as inFig. l. Having reference, first, to the construction involved in thischange, we see at the rear of the cylinder, Fig. 2, a tubular tru unionor spindle 32, having a plain interior and resting in a sleeve-bearing83, having trunnions, on its sides supported on Vthe bearing-posts 35,as in the above-mentioned application. This construction of spindle 32compensates for any expansion or contraction in cylinder A and by reasonof the length thereof enables me to locate the bearing outside theinclosing-wall ofthe apparatus and away from the heat. Integral with thespindle 32 is the spider R, which supports the rear end of the cylinderA and has a series of tubular or hol- 10W arms 36, which open into theheatingchamber about the cylinder andfadmit air,l

which comes in through the hollow spindle Y 32, and an annular rim orband 37 unites the ends of said arms. The arms 3G project slightlybeyond the band 37, so as to have a free discharge outside. The cylinderA and spider R are fastened together by means of a iianged ring S,riveted or bolted to the cylin der, and which is of such diameter as tojust overlap the band 37, and straps 39, fixed at one end tooylinderAand at the other to side of arms 36, rmly unite all said parts.A sleeve'lO incloses said spindle 32 within the furnace and affords ahousing therefor.

Y At the' front, Figs. 2 and 6, an elongated spindle 4l is used, and twobearings having` sleeves 42 and 43, resting on posts L tat and 45,respectively; but since the power connections are at this end thespindle 4l should not be permitted to slide in its bearings, and toprevent such movement, as well as to prevent sliding of the cylinder, Ihave put the bearing 4:2 between shoulders 4G and 47, or theirequivalent', on the spindle. In this case, also, the spindle atl isformed separately from spider T, but is Inade rigid therewith andoperates as if said parts were in one piece. The spider T has arms 48,and rim 49 about the ends of said arms and integral therewith. This rimfits snugly within cylinder A and is fixed thereto by straps 50 andrivets 5l or some equivalent means. For convenience, I so construct thisband or rim 49 as to maire a close union with the annular base of thesupply-hood V, and to this end the said rim is contracted about itsouter edge to provide an inclined portion 52 andaliange 53 outsidethereof, and this ange overlaps a corresponding flange 55 on the hood V.This or some other substantially equal construction may be used toeffect so close a joint at this pointthat the material fed into thecylinder will not lea-k or work out at this point. Power is appliedthrough the large gear-wheel 5G on spindle al, pinion 57, shaft 58, andbevel-gears 59 and 60, or other sufficient power connections.

In Fig. 10 I show a modification of the rear spindle and spider for thecylinder, which may he considered an extension of the principle shown inFig. 2, for seeureiy and firmly connecting spindle and cylinder. In thislatter form the tubular or hollow spindle 62 has a sleeve-bearing 63, asin the other case, but is extended inward some distance beyond spider G4and has an auxiliary or sup- TOO plementary spider 65 integraltherewith. Connection is made between the cylinder` A and spider 64C byangle ring or band 66, as in f Fig. 2, and the hollow arms 67 of spider65 wanted at this point.

through holes in the cylinder and about which they are firmly secured byrivets. This makes an exceedingly firm connection of the parts.

Referring now to Fig. 9, I have a modification of a still differentcharacter. case the inclosing wall of the drying-cylinder is set backfrom the front end of the cylinder some distance, amounting to severalfeet in a full-sized machine, and the front of the cylinder is thereforeexposed to the open air, or at least removed from outside heat, where itthus projects beyond said wall. The object of this arrangement is toadapt the apparatus to be used in drying materials which otherwise,possibly, could not be handled at all, and which areof a pasty'eharacterand would adhere to the surface of the cylinder and parch and form acrust thereon if exposed at once to so hot a surface as the cylinder hasat the front-in Figs. 1 and 6, for example.

rBut by first introducing the material toa comparatively cool surfaceand subjecting it to the volume of heat passing through the cylinder, itbecomes prepared to enter upon the hot surface with much less liabilityto adhere, or in fact none at all in many materials,y and which couldnotv be handled in this way `without the initial and preparatorytreatment or surface digging 'this construction affords. The saidcylinder A is supported on spindle and bearings and is provided withgear connections, as in Fig. 1, except that in this case the rearspindle G8 is tubular and has hollow arms 69, as in Fig. G. Otherwisethe cylinder has the same equipments as shown in Fig. 1, but thefurnace-arch 70, corresponding to 10 in Fig. 1,is extended back to apoint perpendicular with the front end 7l of the cylinder inolosing wallB, instead. of stopping at the front end of the cylinder. A suitablering 72 and certain other inclosing mechanism (indicated by 73)"serve tobridge the otherwise open space about the cylinder where the wallterminates at 7l, and any means that Wouldmalie a close joint andprevent the escape of heat may be adopted. In this case, however, theexposed front portion '75 of the cylinder has a series of hoodedopenings 80, as many as may be needed, and these have slides 8], Fig. 9,to close them when fresh airis not The Ventilating-hoods L are locatedbetween the elevating-blades 30, as plainly seen in Figs. 3 and 4, andbetween the angle 76 in the elbow, Fig. 5, and the bottom 77 of theelbow there is the relative depth shown in said ligure and which isintended to correspond somewhat to the possible depth of the material atthe bottom of the cylinder, it being desirable that, in any event, theoutlet of the hoods should be unobstructed as the said hoods come to thebottom, where, if anywhere, obstruction might otherwise occur. I haveherein referred to In this mais() both the parts G and II as arches, andso` they are, as here shown. 0bviously, however, they may be madeperfectly flat instead of convex and still serve the same purpose, butin that case would require other means of support. be adopted. y

In Figs. 13 and ll l show enlarged openings 85, corresponding to openingl2 in Fig. 9, and an asbestos or like non-combustible board SG, withpassages 87,arranged to register with openings 85. A rod 88 at the rearserves to adjust the board or cover S6,and thus control the flow of heatthrough thearch G2. The said board SG operates as a valve, and any meanswhich will serve the same purpose may be employed. So, also, may anysuitable means be employed to adjust the part 86.v

A further modification i-n Figs. 13 and l1 is the air-inlet through theopenings 90 into the cylinder-chamber above the arch G2. This isintended to occur only when for any reason it becomes desirable toreduce the temperature in said chamber more or less, and is suppliedtosaid openings through the passages 92 in the furnace-Wall havingopenings 91 to the outsideair. Abrickor anyother means for temporarilyclosing openings 91 will suffice for this purpose, or an adjustingmechanism of some kind can be employed.

I have mentioned' 2,500O yFahrenheit as a common temperature at thefurnace, and the heat may run from that to 3,000o as a regulartemperature, and yet not exceed 100O where the apparatus dischargesvinto the open air. In fact, by my improved construction I can make thetemperature here and there almost anything I desire it to be, assumingthat I start with the degree high enough at the furnace. Now, in orderthat the wide range of uses to which my improved apparatus isadapted'may be fully understood I may men tion some of the materials itis now successfully drying and the varying conditions under which it isdoing the work. Thus take distillers slops, for example. When theseslops come from a mash that is largely rye, it is Very Wet and adhesiveand viscous, and the same may be said of gluten and other materials ofthis character. Hence in the early stages of drying it is desirable thatthis material should not be brought in contact with the walls of thecylinder when the cylinder is in a heated condition, and therefore theseand similar materials should be surface dried, if possible, before beingbrought in contact with any heated surface yin the drying-cylinder.While these materials are in a wet condition, large volu mes of heatmaybe poured in among them as they are agitated, because the heat istaken up by the moisture as it is evaporated and the materials are notinjured bythe high temperature of the gases and heated air that arepoured in among them, but as they be- Other forms of construction alsomight come drier and drier they are the more easily injured by hightemperatures. Consequently it is desirable and necessary that as theybecome more dry they should be brought. in contact with lowertemperatures.

In drying sulphate of soda, alum, and similar substances the materialshould be exposed to very low temperatures at rst, because the sulphateof soda, according tothe amount of moisture that it carries, will meltat about 90o to llo Fahrenheit. The alum crystals become viscous andsticky at about 100o Fahrenheit, and in a very short time will paste upthe walls of any rotating cylinder. .Therefore in drying thesematerials, as stated before, they should not be brought in contact withanything excepting very low temperatures; but they differ in theirnature from distillers grains, gluten, brewers grains, and likesubstances in this respect-viz ,that as the alum and the sulphate ofsoda become more dry they will resist higher temperatures withoutmelting or becoming viscous or sticky, and, finally, in their driedcondition may be heated to very high temperatures without any injurywhatever. Nitrate of soda and carbonate of soda crystals do not melt atsuch low temperatures, but correspond with the alum and sulphate of sodain this respect-viz., that as they become drier they will resist hightemperatures without melting and can be heated to high temperatureswithout injury.

The value of ochers, uinbers, and other pigments is controlled verylargely by their peculiar hues or shades of color and must be driedwithout being heated to anything but very moderate temperatures; but thenature of these pigments differs from any of the materials that we havedescribed in several respects. First, they will not adhere to a heatedshell, while they will adhere and pack and accumulate when being tossedaround on the walls of a cold rotating shell. Therefore,it is desirablethat as soon as these materials en-. ter the drier they should bebrought in contact with hot surfaces, and at no time during the processof the drying must they be heated beyond anything but very moderatetemperatures. any of them must not be heated above 150 to 200Fahrenheit, while some of them will stand 250 Fahrenheit.

Starch is another material that We dry quite successfully, but owing toits tinenessit is .very inflammableand explosive in its dried condition,and owing to the fact that at 150O Fahrenheit it is converted intodextrine it must be dried with care. It dilfers, however, from glutinoussubstances in not being viscous or adhesive in its wet condition, and ittherefore may be brought in contact with het surfaces as soon as itenters the drier, but, as stated before, it must not be heated above 150Fahrenheit at any time during the process of drying. 4

I have now described the nature of a few of the many different materialsthis apparatus is successfully drying in order to show how necessaryitis that a drier should be so constructed that the heat used inconnection `.vith it may be so manipulated and applied as to enable thedrier to handle the different materials without injuring them andwithout pasting or sticking up the machine, as well as meeting otherconditions not herein enumerated.

It has been the custom to admit all the heat into one end of a rotatingdrierand discharge the heat and vapor which it liberates at the otherend of the drierbut in drying materials; which in their dried conditionare injured by high temperatures, I would be compelled to generate onlya very small amount of heat for the reason that all of the heat entersthe drier, such as I have described, at one point. Therefore, in orderto increase the capacity of the machine, as well as to be able to handleall of the different materials in a reliable way and modify my method ofhandling the heated air and gases to conform to the different natures ofthe materials being dried, I have devised the apparatus herein setforth. By this apparatus or machine, I am enabled to take in the heatedair and gases at many different points through the shellas well as intothe shellthrough its open end, and that I may be enabled further tocontrol the heated airand gases so as to increase the capacity of themachine thereby, and also to dry the materials successfully and withoutinjuring them, I have placed the perforated arch under the drier, asshown, and underneath the perforated arch I also show another perforatedarch, with the air-space underneath, this latter arch divided by wallsor partitions into several chambers, and these chambers have openingsfor admitting air in a regnlated way through registers or valves.

Now, to make clear the advantages that I gain from the differentconstructions and arrangements illustrated in the drawings and hereindescribed, I will say that in drying materials which in their wetcondition would adhere to the inner walls of the drier if they were hotI have a modified construction which allows a portion of the front endofthe shell to project outside of the arch or brickwork, as shown inFig. 9. I find that by feeding these materials into the drier whenarranged in this way they do not have any tendency whatever to adhere tothe inner walls of the shell, because, although large volumes of heatare passing through the drier at the front end and through the materialthat is being showered and tossed aboutin it, still the heat is confinedvery largely to the center of the drier, so that the moist material, asit is brought in Contact with the shell, easily keeps the shell in acool condition, while the heat which is passing through the shell andbeing brought in contact with the material that is being showered andtossed about in it is continually drying the material,

with which it comes in contact, so that by the time the material, as itmoves rearward, reaches the warmer parts of the shell, it becomessurface dried, so that it does not adhere to the warm surface. Now, if Iwas drying ICO IIO

IIS

distillers slops, gluten, and similar viscous' i shell that thetemperature of the.' hot air and gases as they would enter into theinterior of the shell through the hooded openings which are made throughthe shell would be hotter in the forward end of the shell and wouldgradually possess less and less heat toward the rear end of the shell.Thus to illustrate I lind that in drying such materials as I havedescribed, I can maintain 2,500o to 3,000O Fahrenheit in my furnace, andso manipulate and handle these hot gases by expansion and by minglingthem with air, dro., that the expansion-chamber between the perforatedarchv G and the drier-shell A, at the doorward end of the arch, wouldbe, say, 500O Fahrenheit, while at the same time inside of the shell, atthe point where this hot air and gases would be admitted at 500O degreesFahrenhcit thetcmperature would notbeoverZOOo Fahrenheit, and then bytaking the' temperature of the hot air and gases in the expansionchamberbetween the perforated arch and the drier rearward the temperature wouldgraduallydecrease toward the rearend,so that atene point it would be400, at another point 300", at another point 200, and so on, andalthough the heat was generated at temperatures approximating 3,000 bythis arrangement and.

by manipulating the hot air and gases and air as described I am able tobring out the dried materials reliably at temperatures ranging at about100o Fahrenheit, or even less.

I have carefully tested this machine and method of handling hot air andthe products of the furnace for several days, taking the temperatures atdifferent points each hour, and have found that the dried material onleaving the drier did not vary more than 10o in ten hours time. Indrying glutinous meal the lowest temperature in a ten hours run as itleft the drier was 90o Fahrenheit and the highest temperature as it leftthe drier was 100 Fahrenheit.

In drying sulphate of soda, alum, and similar materials-that is, indriving oft' the water by crystallization-I use the same style ofsetting that I have just described and allow the forward end of theshell to project outside of the setting and be uncovered.

vThen I manipulate the hot gases or heat from the furnace mingled withair, so that these materials, when entering the drier, meet with hot airat such temperatures as will not .melt the material being dried, andfurther and hot airinside of the boiler-setting would be manipulated soas to give a result exactly the reverse of what is wanted in dryingglutinous meal, distiller-s slops, and similar materials. Thus, insteadof aiming to admit heated air and gases through the forward portion ofthe drier-shell and into its interior at the highest temperatures andgradually have the temperatures lower toward the rear end, I aim toadmit the hot air and gases into the interior of the shell through theforward portion of it at lower temperatures and have these temperaturesincrease as the hot air and gases are admitted through the more rearwardportions of the shell. Thus from thc time that the material in its rawcondition is delivered into the drier it at first meets with very lowtemperatures, and as it becomes more dry it is brought constantly incontact with higher temperatures as it travels slowly toward the rear ordischarging end lof the shell. In drying ochers, timbers, and materialof that character, I admit them into a shell that is heated its entirelength and which is entirely inclosed, because, as stated before, thesematerials have no tendency to adhere to hot surfaces. Now as thesematerials must not be heated as a rule above 225 Fahrenheit I admit thegases through the walls of the front end of the shell or cylinder at thehighest temperatures, and as the material passes rearward in the shell Ibring it in contact with hot air and gases at constantly decreasingtemperatures, so that the temperature of the hot air and gases betweenthe perforated arch G and the ,drier-shell are less and less toward therear end of the shell and are admitted through the shell at constantlydecreasing temperatures, so that at the rear end of the shell, where thematerial is finally dropped out of the machine in a dried condition, thedried material meets with the mingled air and gases at suchtemperatures, owing to the expansion of the gases, as do not injure thematerial in the slightest degree.

There is another great advantage following from this peculiarconstruction of the drier and of the bricliwork which incloses it,including the perforated arch, dac., which may be described as follows:Many materials when in a wet condition can be showered and tossed aboutand brought in contact with very rapid currents of air and vapor withoutbeing carried away, but these same materials when thoroughly driedbecome very light and are floated off and carried away by very moderatecurrents. It may be easily understood that in the front end of the shella current would be established and maintained that would be due to thecross-sectioned area of the shell and to the volume of hot air and gasesand freed vapors that would be passing through the front end of theshell, because at the front end all the gases and vapor and air passoutward toward thefan and atmosphere, but as the dried material passesrearward and becomes more dry it is being brought in contact withcurrents of less velocity, for the IOO IIO

reason that only a small percentage of theheated air and gases reach therear end of the shell Where the material has become thoroughly dried, soas a result of the construction of this drier and the arrangement of thebrickworlc which incloses it as these very fine and light materialsbecome more dry they are brought in Contact with currents which move atslower and slower velocities, and for this reason I am able to use muchgreater volumes of heated air successfully than I would be able to usesuccessfully providing that all of the heat and all of the air and gaseswere admitted into the rear or discharging end of the drier-shell at thepoint where the dried and light materials are delivered. Anotheradvantage following from this arrangement is that in proportion as I amable to use larger volumes of air commingled with the heat of thefurnace I am able to do my drying more economically, because the vaporsas they are freed are absorbed by the heat and expanded air and carriedoff mechanically. Y

lVith the large-sized machines I lind that I am able to vaporize fifteenpounds of moisture with one pound of combustible. Owing to the fact thatrapid currents with this machine and furnace construction are broughtinto contact with the wet materials only, I am able to successfully drynot only starch, but very finely ground Wood pulp, such as is used formaking paper and as an absorbent for nitro-glycerine. ln short, thisconstruction of apparatus enables me to dry in a straightforwardeconomical manner many materials which before could not be successfullydried mechanically, and owing to the fact that the machines have such alarge capacity as a result of their Vconstruction and the manner inwhich the heated air and gases can be brought in contact with thematerial I am enabled to do a very large amount of drying in a verysmall space, so that in the large paper mills and starch and glucoseworks, where room is very valuable, my machines may be employed, Whereasif they only had a moderate capacity and if they required a very largeamount of space to do the required Work they, for this reason alone,even if they did the Work economically, could not be successfullyemployed.

The peculiar arrangementof thefurnace and construction of the machineenable me to do three or four times as much drying in a given space asformerly, andI am enabled to do even as high as ten times as much Workin a given space as many machines are able to do which are beingemployed where room is not so valuable as to prohibit their use.

I claiml. In an apparatus as described, the drying cylinder open at bothends for the passage of the material and the products of combustion inopposite directions, inlet openings at intervals through the side ofsaid cylinder and hoods or guards over said openings on the inside ofthe cylinder, substantially as set forth.

2. The drying cylinder having an inlet for the material at one end andan outlet for the material at the other end and inlet openings throughits side, and hoods over said openings on the inside of the saidcylinder having their direction of discharge substantially parallel withthe axis of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.

3. The drying cylinder described, having a series of inlet openingsthrough its side, elbowshaped hoods over said openings on the inside ofthe cylinder, and lifting blades constructed to toss the material overthe hoods, substantially as set forth.

4t. The cylinder described, having inlet openings at intervals about itsside and hoods over said openings of substantially elbowshape, and openWork shields or diaphragme in said hoods to prevent escape of materialthrough them, substantially as set forth.

5. The cylinder described, havingaseries of openings through its side,and elbow-shaped hoods over said openings on the inside of the cylinderand having flaring discharges, substantially as set forth.

6. The cylinder described, having longitudinally arranged lifting bladeson its inside, and a series of inlet openings over its surface betweensaid blades and hoods over said openings having necks to raise thedischarge above the floor of the cylinder and curved at their top todischarge in the direction of the end of the cylinder, substantially asset forth.

7. The drying cylinder open at both ends for the passage of the materialand the products of combustion in opposite directions,

and having inlet openings through the side ofV the cylinder,substantially as set forth.

S. The combined furnace and Walled chainber for the drying cylinder, andthe drying cylinder therein open at both ends and arranged in the lineof draft and having covered inlet openings between its ends and a deviceat the front of the said cylinder to stimulate or augment the naturaldraft throughsaid cylinder, substantially as set forth.

9. The apparatus described, comprising a furnace and a drying cylinder'set into the line of draft from the furnace and open at its ends, and aperforated arch between the said cylinder and the line of draft from thefurnace to the rear of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.

10. The furnace and the perforated arch forming a continuation of thefurnace arch, and a revolving drying cylinder above said perforated archand open at its ends to allow draft through the same, substantially asset forth.

ll. The furnace and the perforated arch beyond the furnace over the lineof draft, and a drying cylinder set into the line of draft above saidperforated arch and provided with IOO covered openings to admit heatinto the cylinder about its side, substantially as set forth.

12.*The furnace and the drying cylinder set into the line of drafttherein, and provided with 'a series of hooded inlet openings betweenits ends, and aperforated arch extending substantially parallel to saidcylinder beneath the same and separating the cylinder from the directdraft from the furnace, substantially as set forth.

13. The furnace, and the perforated arch forming an extensionsubstantially of the arch of the furnace, in combination with the openended revolving drying cylinder set into the line of draft and havingits side provided with a series of inlet openings, and elbow shapedhoods over said openings, substantially as set forth.

14. rlhe furnace and the perforated arch extending beyond the sametoward the rear and forming the covering of the line of draft and aperforated air inlet arch beneath said line of draft, substantially asset forth.

15. The furnace constructed for a drying apparatus, the drying cylindertherein and an air inlet arch beneath said cylinder perforated atintervals for the passage of air, Whereby the temperature of theproducts of combustionis reduced asairis ad1nitted,substantially as setforth. l

1G. The construction described, consisting of the furnace proper, theparallel perforated arches forming the draft passage from the furnacebetween them, and the revolving drying cylinder set into the line ofdraft above said arches, substantially as set forth.

17. The furnace and the two perforated arches, one above the other, andhaving the draft passage between them, and mechanism to regulate theflow of air through the lower arch, substantially as set forth.

-18. The furnace described, the parallel perforated arches and airinlets to the lower of said arches in combination with the open endeddrier cylinder above said arches in the line of draft and having hoodedinlet openings about its side, substantially as set forth.

19. The furnace and thev two perforated arches, the drying cylinder setinto the line of draft above said arches and having openings about itsside, and hoods over said openings having their discharge directedtoward the front of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.

20. The furnace proper and the draft passage from said furnace havingperforated arches above and below the same, a cylinder in the line ofdraft above said arches and open throughoutits length, hooded inletopenings in said cylinder and a device to produce artificial, draftthrough said cylinder, substantially as set forth.

2l. The furnace and the revolving drying cylinder set into the line ofdraft therefrom and having inlet openings about its side and hoods oversaid openings, means at the front of said cylinder through which thematerial to be dried is fed thereto and 'means to produce an artificialdraft through the cylinder and said hoods, substantially as set forth.

22. The apparatus described, comprising the furnace and expansionchamber, the drying cylinder in said chamber and having its front endexposed outside said chamber and hooded openings in the portion of thecylinder within said chamber, substantially as set forth.

23. The construction described, consisting of the furnace and theexpansion chamber and a perforated arch beneath said chamber, and acylinder having its front end projecting outside of said chamber andmeans to feed the material to be dried to said cylinder, substantiallyas set forth. y

24. In a cylinder of the kind described, a tubular spindle or trunnionand tubular arms radiating from said spindle and an open passage throughspindle and arms to admit air, substantially as set forth.

25. The cylinder in combination with the combined tubular spindle andarms and the band integral with said arms, said parts connected,substantially as set forth.

26. The furnace and the arch over the passage way therefrom providedwith openings, and means to control said openings, substantially as setforth.

27. The furnace and the perforated arch to the rear thereof over thepassage way, and a sliding part of non-combustible material to controlthe said perforations, substantially as set forth.

2S. The furnace having a perforated arch at its rear and a chamber oversaid arch having air inlets at its side, substantially as set forth.

fitness my hand to the foregoing specification this 26th day ofFebruary, 1895.

'FRANKLIN DAVID CUMMER.

Witnesses:

RICHARD J. GoR'EY, II. T. FISHER.

Disclaimer in Letters Patent No. 545,120.

DISCLAIMER- 545,120.un,llz'rz .Dae'fl Grammar, Cleveland, Ohio. DRYINGAPPARATUS. Patent dated August 27, 1895. Disclaimer filed February 9,1912, by the assignee, T@ E l). Czrmme' Son ompufny.

Enters this disclaimer- To that part of the claim in said specificationwhich is in the following Words, to Wit:

7. The drying` cylinder open at both ends for the passage of thematerial and the products of combustion in opposite directions, andhaving` inlet openings through the side of the cylinder, substantiallyas set forth.

8. rEhe combined furnace and Walled chamber for the drying cylinder, andthe drying cylinder therein open at both ends and arranged in the lineof draft and having covered inlet openings between its ends and a deviceat the front of the said cyiinder to stimulate or augment the naturaldraft through said cylinder', substantially as set forth.

9. The apparatus described, comprising` a furnace and a drying cylinderset into the line of draft from the furnace and open at its ends, and aperforated arch between the said cylinder' and the line of draft fromthe furnace to the rear of the cylinder, substantially as set forth.

l0. The furnace and the perforated arch forming` a continuation of thefurnace arch, and a revolving drying` cylinder above said perforatedarch and open at its ends to allow draft through the same, substantiallyas set forth.

[OFFICIAL GAZETTE, I'ruarg/ 20, 1.912.]

